Thomas Jefferson the Plagiarist - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1314 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Thomas Jefferson Essay Did you like this example? The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, is one of the most popular documents in the world. Although Jefferson is one of the United States founding fathers and is one of the biggest reasons that the United States is the way it is today, he did not want to be remembered for his presidency but for what he accomplished, such as writing the Declaration of Independence and founding the University of Virginia . Except, Jefferson has been accused from plagiarizing multiple parts of the Declaration of Independence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Thomas Jefferson the Plagiarist" essay for you Create order It is said that Jefferson has taken direct quotes from other writers works without giving them any credit for the information that he used. One can tell after reading different journals, newspaper articles, and important documents that Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson plagiarized multiple ideas from John Locke. John Locke was an English philosopher that wrote the Second Treatise of Government. Locke wrote the Second Treatise of Government for similar reasons that Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Locke believed that God made all people naturally subject to a monarch. Locke wanted all people to equal. Although this was a popular opinion around, Jefferson decided to take almost word from word from the Second Treatise of Government. Locke says that everyone has a right to life, liberty, and property, whilst Jefferson writes about how all men are equal, that they are endowed by their greater with certain unalienable rights. This means life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The only bit of information that was changed in these two sentences is the pursuit of happiness . Jeffersons words only differed from Lockes because he thought owning property was not the only thing that could make people happy. Jefferson was accused by Richard Henry Lee that he plagiarized Lockes Second Treatise of Government. Jefferson considered the part that he copied from Lockes document to be the best part of the Declaration of Independence. He said that The object of the Declaration of Independence was not to find out new principles neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence to be an expression of the American mind. Although Jefferson did say he wanted to take opinions and thoughts from all around, he never gave credit to the people that he took the ideas from. It is clearly shown that these words were Lockes and not Jeffersons because Lockes Second Treatise of Government was written in 1690, 86 years prior . The Declaration of Independence states that we have unalienable rights. These rights were also stolen from an Enlightenment philosopher named Francis Hutcheson. Francis Hutchesons idea of rights to our life challenge the ideas of Locke. Hutcheson is the one who says that our rights are natural, unalienable, and inherent to our being as humans. In 1755, Hutcheson wrote the System of Moral Philosophy. Hutcheson challenged Lockes idea about how Locke thought of our rights in the wrong way . Jefferson took information away from this argument and included it in the Declaration of Independence. This is, again, another reason why Jefferson changed life, liberty, and property, to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Although Jefferson obviously agreed with Lockes ideas, Hutcheson challenging his ideas encouraged Jefferson to change the word property to the word happiness . Thomas Jefferson plagiarized from George Mason in multiple ways. George Mason wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights. This was later published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, on June 12, 1776 which was days before Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson stole some of Masons main ideas and phrases. There is said to be a direct influence from Masons work. Mason wrote that All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent natural rights. Jefferson writes similar words saying that everyone has unalienable rights and that all men are created equal. He says, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These are almost the exact same ideas. This is perfect evidence that Thomas Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence from Masons ideas and exact words. Thomas Jefferson has also been accused of stealing ideas from the Articles of Confederation. Jefferson wanted a government with a loose federalist idea which was very close to the idea of the Articles of Confederation. Jeffersons limitations on federal power was based on the states and individual rights. People were concerned that Jefferson was focusing more on states rights more than individual persons rights. When Jefferson was questioned on this part of the Declaration of Independence he would track it back to the Articles of Confederation and it is said that he was inspired from this document because it had points that should have been covered . This would not have been plagiarism if Jefferson had just given credit to the main authors of the documents. This is proof that Jefferson stole ideas from different documents. One year before Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, people from the county of Mecklenburg had written a Declaration of Independence for themselves. Jefferson read the document and happened to think that this document was bogus and that was illegitimate; yet there seems to be very similar ideas that are in the Declaration of Independence. The Mecklenburg Declaration declares themselves free and independent people . Another similarity between the two is the idea of God given rights . Again, this is almost the exact same idea as Jeffersons Declaration of Independence and although there are no direct quotes from this document there are many similarities between the two documents. Thomas Jefferson again has stolen ideas from another important document. Jefferson copies many ideas from the Magna Carta to write the Declaration of Independence. He easily took from this document because both documents were written to give justice to citizens by focusing more on their rights and freeing people from unfair rule . The Declaration of Independence says, He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States, and for imposing taxes on us without our consent. Although Jefferson did not copy the exact words from the Magna Carta, the main idea is there and made it easier for him to write the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson defended himself when philosophers accused him of plagiarizing from their journals and works. He says that his intention was not to steal from their work. He intended to take ideas from the American mind and include it into the Declaration of Independence . Jefferson wanted the people to agree with the terms that are included, so he took from other popular works so that the Declaration of Independence was not just his opinion. These examples show that Thomas Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence. The argument whether Thomas Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence or whether he came up with all of its ideas on his own is still going on and on today. Although there are many examples to prove that Jefferson has stolen or copied from other peoples works it is also clear that it was not his intention. What he thought were good ideas and would help the democracy grow, he put into the Declaration of Independence . Thomas Jeffersons idea to take from other peoples works was somewhat selfish but at the same time incredibly smart. The people wanted equality and they wanted to be listened to and heard, so Jefferson took from the peoples works so their ideas would be in the Declaration of Independence. All Jefferson had to do was to give the true authors credit and the Declaration of Independence would not be plagiarized. One can clearly tell that although Thomas Jefferson plagiarized from other peoples works, he did it for the wellbeing of the United States of America.

The World Of William Shakespeare - 950 Words

Take a Bow Loved ones come and go and must be birthed, and ultimately buried, it is the drama of this existence. Often a person finds he or she is seemingly incapable of performing some unsavory duty. But life and death have a way of making it impossible to avoid this unpleasantness and one finds the nerve or stomach to do that which must be done; accept the task as just another experience in the tapestry, and move on. Once upon a time there was no service that provided assistance in times such as these. If a friend or family member was stabbed or had his brains bashed in, well†¦ someone had to clean it up. Tellingly the world of William Shakespeare was such a time. In the age of man’s revision of his culture and sense of humanity after the dark Middle Ages there was money and fame to be earned in the gossipy tales of mankind’s utter lack of culture and cruel inhumanity. In truth, it has never stopped, the same plot devices in service by the playwrights of the Renaissance are still drawing blood and audiences today. It is always intriguing to hear salacious stories of someone else’s wrong doing, and Shakespeare had a keen sense of what held the audience’s macabre attention. Fittingly, Othello, and by relation all Shakespeare’s work survives in the mind of historical praise not only because Shakespeare was eloquent but also a student of the human drama. Not unlike Chaucer before him, Shakespeare’s plays point to enthralling cautionary tales that wooed women with allShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Brave New World925 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel, Brave New World, the author, Aldous Huxley strategically incorporates various Shakespearean allusions into his story. The most distinguished allusion throughout the entirety of the novel is to a quote from The Tempest, a play about a sorcerer and his daughter that live together on a remote island. The quote from The Tempest, in which Brave New World derives its name, â€Å"O, wonder!/How many goodly creatures are there here!/How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,/That has such peopleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s World Masterpieces1595 Words   |  7 Pagesbe arranged marriages betwe en those of equal status or class as the norm. Back then love was seen as a perfect and pure concept. Cervantes did not agree with this and challenged and mocked it in his writings. As stated by Maynard Mack in his book, World Masterpieces, â€Å" The actual method [Cervantes] followed in order to expose the silliness of the romances of chivalry was to show to what extraordinary consequences they would lead a man insanely infatuated in them..†. Due to this type of thinking, CervantesRead MoreBeauty And Natural World : William Shakespeare Essay845 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty and Natural World Shakespeare occupied an unparalleled figure in English Literature. He created 154 sonnets. The Shakespeare sonnet is a bright pearl in English poetic history. The most famous one is probably Sonnet 18, often alternatively titled â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day†? It is one of the part of the Fair Youth sequence which published its first edition in 1609. In the work, the speaker described the destructive power of time. The eternal beauty that are bought from theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On The Course Of World History1440 Words   |  6 PagesWaldo Emerson, a famous essayist inspired by Shakespeare’s works. William Shakespeare was a renowned author, poet, actor, and playwright. He has contributed to many components of life today such as; founding modern English language, contributing to literature, contributing to modern theater, and contributing many of his works to modern English. William Shakespeare has greatly impacted the course of world history. William Shakespeare was believed to be born on April 23,1564, in his hometown of Stratford-upon-AvonRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s All The World s A Stage 1540 Words   |  7 PagesMegan Mackey Professor Raja Atallah English 1102 17 April 2017 Research Paper William Shakespeare once said, All the World’s a Stage —and now his quote can be applied to his literature within his tragedies (William Shakespeare 1). The generation of people today have a much different definition of tragedies than people did during the Shakespearean times. Shakespeare’s tragedies involve a protagonist whose character is developed so that it is clear that he is a heroic figure in the setting of theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Natural And Supernatural World1313 Words   |  6 Pageshas been explored even long before the time of William Shakespeare; however, the playwright whose name has remained the talk of dinner tables worldwide, did an exceptional job of weighing the plurality of the different forms of the natural world. In the Scottish play, Macbeth, Shakespeare both entertains his audience, and poses questions as to what is real and what is changeable. The play explores the themes of the natural and supernatural world, questions whether or not the presence of evil isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - A Corrupt And Chaotic World2078 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare’s play Hamlet, a corrupt and chaotic world is illustrated through the through the portrayal of contrasting realms, the interior and exterior. Within in the play, Shakespeare illustrates the story of a Danish prince, Hamlet, whose uncle murders the Hamlet’s father, marries his mother, and claims the throne leading to Hamlet’s journey to avenge his father all coinciding with in the city of Elsinore. Simultaneously with Hamlet’s journey Shakespeare juxtaposes a seemingly healthy exterior concealingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hometown Of The English Language And The World s Best Dramatist1266 Words   |  6 Pages Although many knew him as a keen businessman in his hometown of Stratford, William Shakespeare is recognized as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s best dramatist. ( www.goodreads.com) He wrote hundreds of songs, plays, books, and poems. During his time, his plays were well under-appreciated and a lot of his work did not appear until seven years after his death. Without Shakespeare, the English language would have never expanded at the rate it did, erasing many common wordsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poet and play writers in the world.600 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poet and play writers in the world. Shakespeare has many plays that were written and performed to create an effect on his audience by creating thoughts and discussions about the social, cultural, and economic values and perspectives that were taking place throughout his time. Shakespeare’s famous play, Hamlet, was a duplication of the events occurring throughout the Elizabethan era. The main focus throughout this essay is a speech spoken by HamletRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - A Man Without Ethics Is A Wild Beast Loosed Upon This World1286 Words   |  6 Pageshighly regarded scholar, once spoke â€Å"A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world.† It can be speculated that what Camus was insinuating, is that in the absence of morality, one descends into corruption that impacts not just the individual, but also those who surround them. Hundred of years earlier, William Shakespeare illustrated the same concept in his renowned work, Macbeth. In this play, Shakespeare primarily uses the characters of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and Banquo to warn of the dangers

Scientific Experiments Organs

Question: what are the barriers to re-creating organs in vitro for scientific experiments? Use a specific organ we have studied as an example system. Answer: 1. Introduction The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a significant, internal, stabiliser of the joint of the knee, restraining hyperextension. The knee joints bone structure is made up of the tibia, the femur and the patella. One out of the four important ligaments found in the knee is the ACL present between the the tibia and the femur and connecting them. The knee is held along together by the medical collateral ligament (MCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate (PCL) ligaments and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). The ACL is found in the middle of the knee, and it prevents the tibia from coming out in front of the femur. It is also responsible for giving rotational stability in addition. The knees surface that is weight bearing has a covering of the layer of articular cartilage (Oiestad et al. 2009). The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a frquently injured ligament of the knee. In many patients, the knee injury to the knee means that the ACL is injured to a great exte nt. The prevalence of ACL injury is thought to be at roughly 200,000 annually. Around hundred thousand ACL reconstructions undertaken every year. When spoken on a general basis, the occurrence of ACL injury is found to be more in people who take part in sports that have high risk, like football, basketball, soccer and skiing. On an average, around fifty percent of the ACL injuries take place along with damage done to articular cartilage, meniscus, and other ligaments. In addition, patients can have bruises of the bone below the surface of the cartilage. This scan is diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. It may determine injury done to the articular cartilage that is overlying (Kiapour and Murray, 2014). 2. Causes 2.1 An estimation is done that around seventy percent of the occurring ACL injuries take place by mechanisms that do not associate with contacts with other substances and thirty percent take place when direct contact occurs with some other object. Suchprocesses of the injury occurring to the ACL is associated with deceleration along with awkward landings, pivoting, cutting and sidestepping maneuvers, or play that is out of control (Oiestad et al. 2009). 2.2 Many studies have indicated that female athletes may be having more chances of having an ACL injury during sports when compared to male athletes. It is proposed that the reason is the difference in muscular strength, physical conditioning and neuromuscular control. Another hypothesis is that the difference in injury in ACL is pelvis and the lower extremity alignment of the leg, influence the hormone estrogen has on the properties of the ligament and the ligamentous laxity. Moreover, women have a wider pelvis that requires the femur to make an angle towards the knee. This angle is known as the Q angle. The average Q angle for women is 17 degrees and for men it is 14 degrees. The enhanced risk of ACL injury taking place among females is predicted by their undertaken motion and the laoding as observed in the knee during particular situations (Hewett, Torg and Boden, 2009). 2.3 The ligament dominance theory states that females undertake athletic movements with valgus angles of the knee that is greater. A large amount of the stress is put on the ACL. This is due to the high activation of the quadriceps muscles in spite of the fact that the knee flexion is limited as well as hip flexion is limited, hip adduction is greater and the knee adductor moment is large. Ligament dominance is seen when cases are with more movement in the frontal plane for accommodating limited movement n the saggital plane. This is due to weak hamstring muscles (Myer et al. 2009). 2.4 The quadriceps dominance theory is able to identify when the hamstring muscles are weaker than the quadriceps muscle. After the injury takes place, patients have much pain and the area of the injury gets a swelling and the area of the injury feels unstable. In the next hours of the ACL injury, patients have more swelling of the knee, and there is a considerable loss of motion to the full range. There are tenderness and pain along the line of the joint, and the person feels distress while walking. The natural past of an injury occurring to the ACL without surgical intervention is found to be varying from one patient to another, and it depends on activity level shown by the patient, the limit of the injury and the symptoms of instability. Complete ruptures of the ACL has an outcome that is less favourable. After an ACL tear, some patients are not able to take part in physical activity (Wilk et al. 2012). 3. Current treatment The treatment for such tear and rupture of the ACL has been advanced in the medical field. Treatments include a non surgical method and surgical process (Kiapour and Murray, 2014). 3.1 In the non-surgical method of treatment, physical therapy and rehabilitation are the best options for restoring the knee to particular suitable condition like the pre-injury condition. It is very much needed to educate the patients on the methods of preventing instability. A hinged knee brace can be used as a supplement. Surgical treatment is needed in cases where combined injuries take place. The choice between surgical and non-surgical treatment varies from patient to patient (Ardern et al. 2011). 3.2 Tears in the ACL is not repaired by using suture for sewing it together. Thus, the torn and ruptured ACL is replaced by the use of a substitute graft that is made up of a tendon. Such grafts usually used for replacing the ACL include Quadriceps tendon autograft, Patellar tendon autograft, Allograft patellar tendon, Hamstring tendon autograft, Achilles tendon, gracilis, semitendinosus, or posterior tibialis tendon. Patients who undergo surgical reconstruction achieve success, and the rate is around ninety percent. The main aim of the ACL reconstruction is the prevention of the instability and restoration of the function of the ligament that is already torn. The result is that a stable knee is created. The patient can therefore take up sports again. Some complications are associated with the surgical procedure. These include infection, viral transmission, numbness and bleeding, blood clot, stiffness, instability, pain in the knee cap and injury in the growth plate. All these depend on the health condition of the patient (Meisterling, Schoderbek and Andrews, 2009). 3.2.1 In Patellar tendon autograft, the middle section of the patients patellar tendon together with a bone plug from the kneecap and the shin is used. This procedure is used for patients whose activities does not require a great amount of kneeling. The semitendinosus hamstring tendon is under use for creating the hamstring tendon autograft forreconstructing the ACL. Such grafts have few problems related to the graft harvesting when compared to the patellar tendon autograft., including fast recovery, a smaller incision and fewer problems of stiffness. Uses of quadriceps tendon autograft are in cases where patientspreviously have experienced let-down with a reconstruction of ACL. The middle third of the patient's quadriceps tendon together with a bone plug originating from the upper end of the knee cap are considered (Kline et al. 2015). 3.2.2 Allografts are those grafts that are taken from cadavers. This method of grafting is under development. This therapy is being researched into to a great extent and is becoming popular in an increasing manner. These grafts are used for those patients who have not achieved success with ACL reconstruction in the past. Such procedure is used in those surgeries also where the need is to repair and undertake reconstruction of more than one ligament of the knee. The advantages of the allograft are that pain is eliminated by taking the graft from the patient, smaller incision and decreased the time for surgery. The allograft allows proper bony fixation to occur in the femoral and tibial bone tunnels with the help of screws (Kline et al. 2015). 4. Therapies under development Advancements in the knowledge of kinematics, anatomy and physiology promise to improve future treatment processes for anterior cruciate ligament tear and rupture. The ultimate objective of complete restoration of ACL injury to the status before an injury is possible in future by genetic manipulation inducing tissue regeneration. In future, resorbabale stents with bioactive growth factors incorporated in them have immense prospective of inducing normal anatomy of anterior cruciate ligament. This process would not need detrimental harvesting of the tissues of the patient. The risk of microbial transmission is also less with the use of such allograft (Hu et al. 2013). In the future, the advancement of benign allografts and autografts may be possible with resorbable fixation of the graft with the bone. Future advancement of robotic surgical techniques may be of great help in the process of treatment of ACL tear and rupture. It holds potential for improvement in a placement of the graft. Advancements in non-surgical procedures may also take place. These would include control of muscle atrophy, better techniques for bracing, enhanced cerebellar- proprioceptive rehabilitation. The fundamental principle of such therapies would be to maximise the transference capacity and load acceptance with reduced degree of potential risks for the patient (Dunn et al. 2015). My personal opinion is that these techniques would be realy useful in different situations and patients would be highly benefitted from them. In clinical situations, they would be realistic and beneficial. The non-surgical procedures would be of more prominence. This is in particular to situations where the repairing of the torn ligament does not work properly. Processes that are costly and challenging from the recovery standpoint can be resolved by such methods. 5. References Ardern, C.L., Webster, K.E., Taylor, N.F. and Feller, J.A., 2011. Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play.British journal of sports medicine, p.bjsports76364. Dunn, W.R., Wolf, B.R., Harrell, F.E., Reinke, E.K., Huston, L.J. and Spindler, K.P., 2015. Baseline Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.The Journal of Bone Joint Surgery,97(7), pp.551-557. Eorthopod.com,. (2016).Hamstring Tendon Graft Reconstruction of the ACL | eOrthopod.com. Retrieved 7 January 2016, from https://www.eorthopod.com/hamstring-tendon-graft-reconstruction-of-the-acl/topic/166 Hewett, T.E., Torg, J.S. and Boden, B.P., 2009. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism.British journal of sports medicine,43(6), pp.417-422. Hu, J., Qu, J., Xu, D., Zhou, J. and Lu, H., 2013. Allograft versus autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an up-to-date meta-analysis of prospective studies.International orthopaedics,37(2), pp.311-320. Kiapour, A. and Murray, M. (2014). Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair.Bone and Joint Research, 3(2), pp.20-31. Kline, P.W., Morgan, K.D., Johnson, D.L., Ireland, M.L. and Noehren, B., 2015. Impaired quadriceps rate of torque development and knee mechanics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft.The American journal of sports medicine,43(10), pp.2553-2558. Meisterling, S.W., Schoderbek, R.J. and Andrews, J.R., 2009. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Operative techniques in sports medicine,17(1), pp.2-10. Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R., Foss, K.D.B., Liu, C., Nick, T.G. and Hewett, T.E., 2009. The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes.Clinical journal of sport medicine,19(1), pp.3-8. iestad, B. E., Engebretsen, L., Storheim, K., Risberg, M. A. (2009). Knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury a systematic review.The American journal of sports medicine,37(7), 1434-1443. Orthoinfo.aaos.org,. (2016).Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries-OrthoInfo - AAOS. Retrieved 7 January 2016, from https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00549 Wilk, K.E., Macrina, L.C., Cain, E.L., Dugas, J.R. and Andrews, J.R., 2012. Recent advances in the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries.journal of orthopaedic sports physical therapy,42(3), pp.153-171.