Question Paper Essay Example

Question Paper Essay Basic GUIDELINES FOR MODEL QUESTION PAPER PATTERN In perspective on current difficulties in soaking up quality in MBA training, the accompanying changes are proposed by the Board of Examination in the Evaluation example of I Semester MBA from Jan/Feb 2012 assessment on wards. Build of Question Paper All 8 Modules ought to be given significance and questions should be muddled from all modules. No inquiry ought to be set from down to earth segment some portion of the prospectus. Hypothesis based courses Subjects Knowledge based inquiries 1. Any 3 inquiries to be responded to by setting 6 inquiries. 2. All modules must be given equivalent significance 12MBA11, 12MBA12,12MBA15 and 12MBA16 Q1-3 + 7 +10 Q2-3 + 7 +10 Q3-3 + 7 +10 Q4-5+5+10 Q5-5+5+10 Q6-5+15 or 10+10 Note: In 12 MBA 12, : One full inquiry (all parts) comprising of basic issues from Mod 3 (Except Demand determining) and Mod 8 just to be set. Q7-a. b. c. d. 5X4 = 20 imprints Q8. a. Hypothetical model for dissecting case b. Sub question 1 c. Sub question 2 d. Sub question 3 5X4=20 Marks Theory+ Problem based courses (40% Theory + 60% Problems) 12MBA13 12MBA14 Q1-3 + 7 +10 Q2-3 + 7 +10 Q3-3 + 7 +10 Q4-5+5+10 Q5-5+5+10 Q6-5+15 or 10+10 Note: One full inquiry (all parts) must be loaded with hypothesis just Skill based inquiries 1. One inquiry Compulsory 2. Equivalent significance must be given for all modules Ability based question(s) Case let Compulsory Q7-a. b. c. d. 5X4 = 20 imprints Q8. 10+10 or 5+15 or 5X4=20 Problem and/or hypothesis mix. Substance of Question Paper Part-A: Knowledge based inquiries (Q1 to Q6 Answer any 3) A. Imprint addresses Short inquiries which request answer not in excess of a passage and which test the comprehension of idea of the substance recommended in the schedule. Noting this ought not take over 4 minutes by a normal understudy. B. 5 Marks questionsSemi-expressive inquiries which request answer not multiple passages and which test the comprehension of idea and/or extent of the idea or short issue. Noting thi s ought not take over 7 minutes by a normal understudy. C. Imprints questionsDescriptive inquiries which request answer not more than 0ne page which test the comprehension of the extension and portrayal of the substance or moderate issue of the prospectus. Noting this ought not take over 10 minutes by a normal understudy. D. 10 Marks questionsEssay questions which request answer not multiple pages which test the comprehension of idea with commonsense outlines of the substance or long issue of the schedule. Noting this ought not take over 15 minutes by a normal understudy. E. 5 Marks questionsNarrative Essay question which requests answer not increasingly 4 pages which test the story capacity of understudy identified with the idea and its degree with functional representations or an extremely protracted issue of the prospectus. Noting this ought not take over 22 minutes by a normal understudy. Part-B: Skill based inquiries (Q7 Compulsory) 5 Marks X 4 QuestionsThis question tests the level of ability procured by the understudy in the branch of knowledge of endorsed prospectus. This should cover the application part of the substance of the prospectus. Noting this ought not take over 30 minutes by a normal understudy. We will compose a custom exposition test on Question Paper explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Question Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Question Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Part-C: Ability based inquiries (Q8 Compulsory) 5 Marks Question †This inquiry is to test the choice of hypothetical model utilized in the event that examination. 5MarksX3 Questions †These inquiries are to test capacity obtained by the Students to break down the case and to give the insignificant answers for the case circumstance. Noting this ought not take over 30 minutes by a normal understudy. Note: Refer Question Bank and model inquiry paper(s) for greater lucidity. 12MBA11 MANAGING THE Organization Model Skill based inquiries 1. †An worker is disappointed as he was answering to two bosses†. ow do you take care of this issue? - Fayal’s Principles 2. â€Å"An Honest individual is made accountable for showcasing division. At the appointed time he created negative occupation efficacy† how would you address this issue? - Role handicap 3. In the sky the mists take the various states of creative mind. Why? Discernment 4. Hoax got his twofold augmenta tion in compensation of Jan 2012. His inspirational diagram turned somewhere near July 2012 in the wake of settling his proposed spending plan for that month. Portray why? Maslow’s 5. â€Å"Defense individuals are more viable than civilian† validate Leadership style 6. Present day Indian administration is more impressive instead of traditional† SubstantiateTheory X and Theory Y 7. â€Å"The out punch time of a supervisor will be first out punch in an organization† Substantiate. †Organization Culture 8. â€Å"While revising the inadequate item, more errors will happen† Substantiate. Work pressure 9. â€Å"The CEO is considering consistency of creation, where as the advertising official concentration for high creation to coordinate the demand† Who is right? Why? Key and operational dynamic Managing Organizations-12MBA11 Model Question paper PART-An Answer any three full inquiries 1 (a) Define Personality. b) What are the various kinds of C ontrol? Give a model for each. (c) Explain the administrative jobs expected by current associations. 2. (a) What is strengthening? (b) Differentiate among gatherings and groups. (c) Explain the character properties impacting OB. 3. (a) What is Esprit de Corps? (b) â€Å"Planning and Controlling are inseparable†. Remark (c ) Explain the perceptual procedure with reasonable models 4. (a) What is a perfect range of control? Why? (5marks) (5 imprints) (3 imprints) (7 imprints) (10 imprints) (3 imprints) (7 imprints) (10 imprints) (3 imprints) (7 imprints) (10 imprints) b) â€Å"Too numerous controls in an association decreases creativity†. Remark. ( C) A worker is amazingly gainful, yet has been giving indications of work pressure and is confronting issues adjusting to association culture. As a director how might you handle this representative? (10 imprints) 5. (a )State the methods utilized in dynamic? Which method will you receive? (5 imprints) (b) Write a note on commit ment of Peter F Drucker to the development of the executives thought. (5 imprints) (C)State the various kinds of association structures being used? Clarify any one 6. (a) What are the components of passionate knowledge ? b) State any five standards of Henry Fayal. (c ) Explain the job of feelings in the arrangement of demeanor . (10 imprints) (5 imprints) (5 imprints) (10 imprints) PART-B ( mandatory) 4X5 Marks=20 7. (a). Irregular highlights consistently have long perceptivity. Why? (b) Setting objective ahead of time and pursuing is useful for Individual and association. Validate (c) It has frequently been expressed that most work inside an association is done casually. Remark (d) In present day association, the worker and boss relationship is obligatory. Be that as it may, the contentions emerge. How would you settle this? 8. Contextual investigation PART-C (necessary) Mr. Ranjan Kumar is the Managing Director of a cleanser fabricating organization. To expand deals, the Board of Directors needed to begin an undeniable showcasing office; Mr. Kumar is depended with the assignment of finding a reasonable possibility to head the proposed advertising division. Subsequent to thinking about various up-and-comers, he has limited his decision to two people: Vishwanath Dutt and Rajnarain. Mr. Vishwanath Dutt has superb reputation in the organization. During his productive relationship with the organization, to be exact 10 years, he has consistently indicated a serious extent of excitement and activity in his work. He is as yet youthful (35 years) dynamic and forceful. He is result arranged and he is more keen on closes as opposed to implies. One of the laborers affirming his authority quality commented along these lines: â€Å"Though he is unforgiving now and again you will know where you stand when you work with him. At the point when you have worked superbly, he tells you it†. Mr. Dutt is happy to bear extra duties. He chooses things rapidly and when activity is required. He is „always on his toes?. During his fifteen years residency in the organization, Mr. Rajnarain has charmed himself to every one of his partners by his boss laborer boat and satisfying habits. He generally puts stock in the rule of worker cooperation in the dynamic procedure. In contrast to Mr. Dutt, he urges his subordinates to come out with creative thoughts and valuable recommendations. Before showing up at a choice he generally makes it a point to counsel his subordinate. As anyone might expect, every one of his subordinates are extremely satisfied to work under him and recognition his administration characteristics. Organization records likewise bear proof for the expansion in the creation not long after Rajnarain turned into the leader of his specialty. Questions: a. b. c. d. (5X4=20 imprints) Express the hypothetical model used to investigate this case. Investigate the authority characteristics and styles of Mr. Dutt. Break down the administration characteristics and styles of Mr. Rajnarain. Whom do you suggest for the situation of advertising administrator? Why? 12MBA12-Managerial Economics Some Skill Based Sample Questions and Problems 1. Planned vehicle purchasers are now and again stood up to by salesmen who contend that they can offer a vehicle that is Honda Civic tantamount to a BMW, yet at one-a large portion of the cost. Utilize the aloofness idea to clarify why the cases of the salesman are not valid. 2. Following a value change for Diet Coke, clarify how retailers use deals data to learn if Lays nibble chips speak to a supplement or substitute for Diet Coke. 3. During the previous 40 years the normal cost of another

Premier Fitness Ethics Assignment

Morals Assignment Premier Fitness The activities being referred to in regards to Premier Fitness Clubs were demonstrated to be misdirecting and disregarding the opposition go about just as the fundamental industrialism pattern that has meant to engage buyers and increment their privileges. In their mission to meet the firm’s benefit arranged goals, targets of being monetarily usefull, and to win enough benefit to endure, Premier Fitness apparently concluded that they could swear off the goal of being socially helpful. Deluding/bogus publicizing and promoting was utilized that definitely decreased or disposed of social handiness by deviously persuading clients to enter contracts with the wellness club that brought about really higher expenses, undisclosed expenses, and high absolute net expenses than the publicizing would lead their clients to accept. Data was not satisfactorily revealed to depict the genuine expenses related with rec center participation and abrogation of enrollment was seen as unreasonably troublesome. Chief Fitness likewise was seen as pulling back cash from dropped client accounts which is additionally unscrupulous conduct on their part. Ironicly concentrating on benefit situated targets and the subsequent unscrupulous action lead to the installment of a $200,000 fine by Premier Fitness for their untrustworthy activities. Social convenience was relinquished by creating misdirecting promotions that would lead clients to reach off base resolutions with respect to add up to charges. This activity abuses the opposition demonstration and gave Premier Fitness and exploitative preferred position over their immediate rivalry in the serious business of wellness foundations. The opposition demonstration is organized to restrain monopolistic conduct that could be harming to littler contenders and ensure buyers, and by damaging it, Premier Fitness could have adversely influenced the opposition in an exploitative design just as hurt purchasers who wound up enduring more prominent budgetary misfortunes than they had expected dependent on the publicizing that they would have thought they completely comprehended. Chief Fitness’ bogus/deceiving publicizing and advertising would have left clients to accept that Premier Fitness was giving lower costs than the opposition, which was not really the situation. Clients would in this way wrongly pick Premier Fitness’ benefits over those of the opposition dependent on the predominant value point that Superior Fitness was apparently advertising. The outcome is that Premier Fitness’ acts hurt both the clients themselves just as the opposition that was promoting in an increasingly moral house and losing business to Premier as a result of it. Publicizing delivered by Premier Fitness was misdirecting in that it damaged a significant number of the ‘do’s and don’ts’ of promoting. For instance, utilizing of fine print that was unnecessarily little and conceivably not intelligible. The impression made by the promotion was very different than what the fine print passed on. Likewise, not all material data was unveiled in all promoting, as some data was deliberately kept separate from certain commercials. Premier’s deceiving promoting and fine-print brought about the charging of more significant expenses when various costs were showing up on their publicized item. With the deceptive idea of the commercials, clients were apparently charged over the promoted cost. The aftereffect of legitimate activities taken against Premier Fitness has without a doubt influenced their notoriety significantly. Wide-spread negative exposure toward the organization has certainly negatively affected the company’s activities. Sites intended to advance industrialism are a rearing reason for the spreading of negative exposure towards exploitative business activity. Albeit Premier keeps on working and has been doing business for a long time, it is possible that their notoriety has been discolored such that counterbalances any monetary benefits acquired through their exploitative activities. Lost business because of poor notoriety could without much of a stretch have adversely affected their budgetary destinations unquestionably more than gains accomplished through deluding and bogus promoting. So as to completely recoup from the negative consequences for notoriety that this episode has caused, Premier Fitness may profit by re-adjusting its targets towards all the more a client situated core interest. Its promoting goals should likewise be assessment so as to be in accordance with such changes in the focal point of the organization targets since showcasing destinations regularly go connected at the hip with organization targets. It is clear by the outcomes saw for this situation that Premier Fitness ought to have given nearer consideration to the legitimate condition. Closer consideration would have yielded the information and comprehension of the laws that definitely were broken and could have guided Premier a progressively moral way that would have skirted the necessity for legitimate activity and all the accompanying negative exposure and money related implications that have frequented Premier Fitness from there on.

Human Resource Management in Australia

Question: Compose a report about the human asset the executives in Australia. Answer: Presentation In this specific investigation, I would exhibit about my insight and experience about human asset the executives. So as to be progressively explicit, here I would expand the information that I have obtained from the class and talks gave by my educators. Alongside that, I would examine about my homeroom encounters. Both the positive just as negative perspectives would be delineated. Prior to entering in the primary conversation, notice that the talks depended on human asset the board in Australia. So as to delineate my insight and experience, I have fragmented the whole conversation into three areas. In the underneath segments, I would depict the substance first at that point examine just as assess them quickly. Diary 1: Human Resource Management in Australia During the class, I had the option to accumulate the information about human asset the executives in setting of Australia. According to the given talks, I came to realize that the HR are the most fundamental asset in an association. Before examining about my experience, it is imperative to expand the information that I have picked up. In the class, it has been referenced various occasions that the HR the board encourages the organizations to gain upper hands. It is the procedure through which the associations break down and deal with the necessary HR which would assist the associations with achieving their definitive objective and goals. In addition, the speakers additionally explained that the associations fuse various approaches and practices in dealing with the HR and drawing out their successful jobs in business. During the class, I came to think about the human asset exercises that incorporate enrollment, screening, choice, preparing and assessing. This assistance to know which authority investigates the enrollment and advancement exercises. Prior to the class, I was very unconscious about the whole procedure. At the underlying phase of the course, it was hard for me to assemble all thought and information about the idea and keep it in my psyche. Not just me, some different understudies were there that discovered challenges in seeing all the exercises of the human asset the executives. At first, the educators set aside some effort to make all the understudies comprehend about the human asset the executives framework in an association. Subsequent to social affair the essential information and idea of the human asset the executives, I had gotten some information about the significance of the human asset strategies, projects, and plans. It was significant for me to comprehend about that so as to clear my idea more. The instructors instructed us that it was single generally troublesome, unpredictable, uncertain, yet so significant assignment in an association. I came to realize that some particular reasons are there that help to characterize the significance of viable human asset the executives. The human asset strategies and the board encourages the association to distinguish the possibility and capacity of the workforce. Further, we were trained that the human asset programs help the supervisors to address the practices of the work power. In Australia, the greater part of the associations stand up to social assorted variety in business and in this way it is critical to recognize their practices, convictions, mentali ties, and awareness of other's expectations. Aside from this, I have assembled information how the businesses spur the representatives. Certain human asset strategies and projects are adjusted by the businesses to inspire the workers. In the course, the educators talked about the necessities of recruiting strategy, enlistment arrangement, representative approach, preparing approach, pay and prize strategy, advancement arrangement, etc. The speakers set aside some effort to free the idea from these strategies. Subsequent to freeing the idea from the human asset the executives framework in an association, the teachers showed us significance of the human asset programming and arrangement ways. In Australia, data innovation (IT) ventures are engaged with building up the finance programming framework and arrangements. For instance, a large portion of the Australian organizations utilize the HR3 programming items to all the more likely deal with the organizations. The HR3 items incorporate Datapay, Winpay, HR3pay, HR3kiosk and HR3people. Also, I came to realize human asset oversee is increasingly significant in the associations that are engaged with universal and worldwide organizations. Along these lines, the human asset approaches and practices vary among the global organizations and SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). Explicit programming causes the businesses to oversee and screen the work power in a superior way. During the course, I was capable think about the vital human asset the board in the associations. The instructors instructed us that the vital human asset the executives incorporates discipline, finance, cooperative way, quality improvement procedures and distinguishing proof of shared advantages. Here, we were educated about the contrast between the human asset the executives and key human asset the executives procedure. According to my accumulated information, I can express that it is essential to build up disciplines so as to direct and adjust human asset the board ways of thinking, strategic arranging and practices. This encourages the associations to accomplish the drawn out objectives and destinations to drive the business towards progress and development. Moreover, in the later classes, the instructors characterized that key human asset the executives in a briefer way. During those classes, I came to realize that it gives the businesses headings how to manufacture vital focal points by making worker incentive, work power inclusion in changing hierarchical scene, and fitting correspondence procedure. Besides, the key human asset the board assists with recognizing the moral contemplations. This causes the businesses to deal with the cultural effect of the business choice. In Australia, a large portion of the associations put more spotlight on the key human asset the board framework. During the classes, the educators expounded the moral contemplations in a concise way. I would talk about the moral contemplations and the executives procedure in the later areas of this examination. Aside from this, the instructors examined about the legitimate structures of human asset the board in Australia. I came to think about the significant government and commonplace laws that influence the human asset the board of the associations. The vast majority of the Australian businesses and representatives are applied some particular enactments by the Federal IR System. During the class, the teachers have talked about some administration decides and guidelines that are applied in the Australian associations. I came to realize that the Fair Work Act 2009 is an Australian law so as to change the mechanical connection framework in the nation. Explicit terms and conditions are characterized in this demonstration that made a few limits wherein the businesses enlist the workers. Alongside that this specific demonstration considers a few laws under which the businesses treat the representatives in a reasonable manner. Aside from this, the teachers gave the talk about the Public Sector M anagement Act 1995. In that class, I came to realize that it is broadly considered in the South Australian associations. This specific law characterizes that the associations should consolidate the best administration rehearses. The teachers instructed us that this specific law is suggested on the open divisions to guide them in offering quality support to the general population. This demonstration guarantees that the authoritative choices are made as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. According to my involvement with the course, the educators could have built up increasingly away from about the legitimate setting of human asset the board in setting of the nation Australia. More enactments which are applied on the Australian managers and representatives could have been talked about in the class. Be that as it may, during the class, I have seen my shortcoming and quality in understanding certain points. I found that I have significant shortcoming in understanding the administration guidelines and enactments and their suggestions in the business. I have talk with my teachers and they proposed me contribute some time in social event information from different books and diaries. Diary 2: Recruitment and Diversity Management In the wake of giving the talks on the review of human asset the executives alongside government guidelines and enactments, the teachers expounded the enrollment and choice procedure of the businesses. Prior to going to the class, I didn't have the information that enrolling and choosing process incorporates various procedures and procedures. This specific classes upgraded my insight to the bigger degree. The speakers showed us the means that the businesses seek after in enrollment and choice recruiting process. During the class, I came to realize that in a large portion of the Australian associations, the businesses seek after nine stages. According to the conversation, I was encouraged that the preeminent advance is distinguishing the opportunity and the need assessment of the organization. The teachers got some information about our insight about the procedure. I addressed that the initial step is required to distinguish the aptitudes that the organization needs. Without distingui shing that, the businesses would not ready to get what and whom to select. In any case, the teacher showed us the rest eight stages. The subsequent advance is creating position depiction. In addition, I came to realize that these means help to create enrollment plan dependent on which they enlist and select individuals. A while later, the businesses select the hunt advisory group and actualize the enrollment plan. Before the meeting procedure, they survey the candidates and grow short rundown dependent on which they contact the people for meet. In the wake of experiencing the meeting procedure, the businesses select the people who have satisfied their necessities. In view of the meeting

Not Sensible Examine Roe Without Operating Non Operating Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

As an investor, it is always better to examine RNOA in a deeper manner by placing further importance on the two components which are margin and turnover. RNOA = Net Operating Profit After Taxes / Average Net Operating Assets Which can be re-written as: RNOA = (Net Operating Profit Margin / Sales)   X (Sales / Net Operating Asset Turnover) Therefore: RNOA = Net Operating Profit Margin (NOPM)   X   Net Operating Asset Turnover (NOAT) Example: (Numbers assumed) Consider a big retail company as X Suppose we originally calculate Xs RNOA = NOPAT/Average NOA = $15,572/$109,894= 14.17% Say Net Operating Profit Margin (NOPM)= NOPAT/Revenue =$15,572/$401,196 = 3.88 % Here the NOPM seems to be small for a big retail player as it implies that for every dollar sale , X only earns 3.8 cents as the operating profit after tax. However, the margin alone does not make sense without considering the turnover figures. Therefore lets consider: Net Operating Asset Turnover (NOAT) = Revenue/ Average NOA=$401,196/$109,894 = 3.65 Now, multiplying (NOPM) x (NOAT) = 3.88 x 3.65 = 14.17 % (The RNOA) Therefore a high margin firm does not ensure good returns for but it depends on the achieved turnover given the level of margin. Suppose the ROE for X is 19.87 % The operating returns for X =RNOA / ROE = 14.17/19.87 = 71.3% which is a very healthy figure. By calculating firms RNOA, we can seperate the portion of ROE arising due to operations of the business. ROE= Operating Return + Non operating Return. Investors and the management running the company should focus on the operating portion of return, which is Operating Return (RNOA) = Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) / Average NOA Mostly companies break their operating results on their financials because management is judged based on the firms operating results. Also the debt to equity ratio should probably be monitor ed by investors. While analyzing a companys statement of cash flows, you notice that the cash balance decreased over a period. Explain and discuss why this is this is not necessarily bad for the company? (3 Points) Ans: Profit or loss indicates the results for a particular year or period of business. An Increase or Decrease in cash is liquidity during a period. Increase in cash always does not mean profit, it is only indicative of the fact that liquidity in shape of cash increased in comparison to cash balance as on the start of period/year. Therefore Profit/Loss and Increase/Decrease in cash are two different things in respect of a financial statement. Increase in assets decreases cash balance. Decrease in assets increases cash balance. Therefore the decrease in the cash balance may be because the company is acquiring more assets and possibly expanding its business, which is obviously not bad for the company , in fact the company seems to be growing. Ans: a. Why does Williams Sonoma add back depreciation to compute net cash provided by operating activities? Is depreciation a source of cash? The cash flow statement explains that if you made a profit where did the profit go. So depreciation and amortization that are not expenses that are paid in cash have to be added back as adjustments. For example when you sell a fixed asset say a vehicle you might get a check for $600 but have a value of what you paid for it less accumulated depreciation of a different amount. Therefore you have to adjust to represent why you have the money in a different value. Depreciation is added back as a reconciling item to net income when using the indirect method of cash flows. The net income was reduces by the depreciation expense without the effect of reducing your cash. Therefore, in order to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations, depreciation and similar non-cash expenses are added back. These other items to be added back include discount amortization and equity in earnings of an investment. Therefore the positive depreciation amount reported on the statement of cash flows is only one of the adjustments needed to convert the accrual net income to the cash provided from operating activities. So depreciation is not a source of cash. b. Williams Sonoma reports cash flows associated with accounts receivable. In 2007, this item is a cash inflow of $1,070 thousand and in 2006 this item is a cash outflow of $6,829. Explain why this item is on the statement. Why is it a cash inflow one year and a cash outflow the other year? Accounts receivable represent are the sales that have not been collected as cash yet. You sell your merchandise or services in exchange for a customers promise to pay you at a certain time in the future. If your business is credit based, then the payment of accounts receivable is likely to be the single most important source of cash inflows. The accounts receivable incr eases when the company sells merchandise or does a service on credit, and it decreases when the customer pays its bills. Therefore it can be a cash inflow one year and an outflow the other year. Accounts payable are debts that must be paid off within a given period of time in order to avoid default. For example, at the company level, it refers to short-term debt payments to suppliers and  banks. The accounts payable for Williams Sonoma decreased during the year  2006-07 as the value decreased from 14,365(2006) to 11,981 (2007). The cash flow statement (CFS) records the amounts of cash and cash equivalents entering and leaving a firm. The CFS allows investors and management to understand how the firms operations are running, where is the money coming from and on what is it being spent. Determinants of cash flow are core operations, investing and financing. The concept of profit is somewhat narrow, and only looks at income and expenses at a certain point i n time. Cash flow is more dynamic and is concerned with the movement of money in and out of a business. Cash flow is also concerned with the time at which the movement of the money takes place. Concept of cash flow is more realistic. Trade-Off between Margin and Turnover: A companys business model largely affects Operating Profit Margin (PM) and Net operating Asset Turnover (AT). Infinite number of combinations of net operating PM and net operating AT yields a given RNOA For capital intensive industries with relatively low operating AT there is a need for higher PM For food chains and retail businesses there are less assets but large AT and the PM is low and sufficient RNOA. It is important to be careful while comparing the performance of companies par industries. A capital intensive company must earn high PM to offset lower AT and achieve an equivalent RNOA. For an industry it is important to achieve an acceptable ROI to attract investors. Tradeoff between PM and AT is relatively straightforward when comparing companies in same industry ( called pure-form firms) However, Analyzing conglomerates more challenging: Conglomerates PM and AT rates are a weighted average of the PMs and AT rates for the various industries in which they operate. Formulae: ROE = operating RNOA + nonoperating activities RNOA = NOPM X NOAT DuPont Formula: Further breakdown gives: ROE Limitation: The DuPont formula is flawed in its  inability to separate the decisions regarding both operating and financing changes RNOA, successfully separates financing and operating decisions and measures their effectiveness. RNOA = Operating Income (After Tax) / Net Operating Assets (NOA) Therfore by isolating the NOA, correct conclusions can be drawn from the ratio analysis, thus repairing the flaw in the DuPont model. Isolating the components also means that changing debt levels do not change operating assets (OA), the profit before interest expense, and the RNOA. ROE = RNOA + (FLEV X Spread)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   OR   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = Return From Operating Activities + Return From Non-Operating Activities (Financing) Effect of FLEV on ROE A company can increase its profit with the addition of debt, and thus its ROE. Then the reason for the increased ROE is that the company borrows certain amount and invests those funds in assets. FLEV = Av.NNO/ Av Equity NNO= Non operating (liabilities- assets) Higher FLEV means greater NNO which means higher liabilities than assets which is not good for the financial health of a firm. A restructuring charge is an expense for planned cost cuts..It includes cost of asset write downs, employee layoffs, facility closings etc. Thus it is an accrual made in advance of actual cash outlays. Restructuring charges dissipate shareholder wealth by reducing the shareholders claim on net assets and thus the amount of future potential dividends. Whether restructuring charges provide information or simply allow managers to manipulate future earnings numbers is the concern of SEC The pronouncements of SEC require greater detail about restructuring charges and asset write offs i n the annual report to enhance financial statement transparency. Effects on Financial statements: Income Statement: Adds an operating expense when the charge is taken. No expense when future cash outlays are made. Balance Sheet: Creates a restructuring liability when the charge is taken. The liability is reduced by amount of cash outlays when made. Cash Flow Statement: Non cash portion increases operating activities when charge is taken. Cash outlays when made decrease operating activities. Some firms include in restructuring charges costs more appropriately expensed as part of future operations. This will make future operations appear more profitable. Analysts can undo the timing of a charge either by (1) removing the after-tax effects of the charge from net income or (2) running expenditures through the income statement in the period they flow through the restructuring liability. A company would deliberately report revenues for sales on consignment as gr oss instead of net to boast the sales figures.A company might be having its net income running in negative figures but still it may show the gross revenues as very high which misleads the investors with regards to the financial performance of the company. Example: Priceline.com This is not a fair method of reporting these sales as it does not give a real picture of the companys standing in terms of the actual or net profit earned and may misguide the investors. For example a gas station may be selling a bread made by some other bakery. The gross of the revenues that the gas station will show will be as if the bread is owned by the gas station but it is actually owned by the bakery and majority of the profits must be going to the bakery.The gas station may only be a kind of franchisee. Gross Profit Margin illustrates to us how efficient the management is in using its labor and raw materials in the process of production. Firms with high gross profit margin are more liqu id and have more cash flow to spend on R D expenses, marketing etc. More efficient companies will usually see  higher gross profit margins. For example, suppose that a company earned a revenue of $20 million from production of Shoes and incurred $10 million in COGS-related expense. Its gross profit margin would be 50%. This means that for every dollar that the company earns on shoes, it has only $0.50 at the end of the day. Although higher GPM does not necessarily imply that the company is a better performer because GPM is a measure of gross profit and sales. GPM = Gross Profit / Sales Therefore GPM could be high if Gross profit is high but the sales are not high at all(since it is a ratio) .Poor sales is not a symbol of a good performance of the company. This metric  can be  used to compare a company with its competitors (same industry). The amount of sales generated for every dollars worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dol lars by assets in dollars. Formula: It measures  a firms efficiency at using its assets in generating sales or revenue the higher the number the better. It also indicates pricing strategy: companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, while  those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. The change indicates that from year 2007 to 2008 there is slight decrease in IBMs efficiency at using its assets in generating sales. The cost incurred is reported by the company itself so there is a fair chance that the company may manipulate the costs incurred in order to vary the revenue. Also a company might be incurring costs less than the estimated value and would want to cover up some other expenses. An analyst would be interested in researching it further because a company might have manipulated its cost incurred in a view to recognize more revenue.Also the cost estimates do not reflect the actual value of costs incurred and hence there might be a deviation from the actual value. Transitory items are one time occurrences and do not really have significant effect on the future financial performance of the company. These items can only temporarily increase earnings (example asset write offs) or temporarily increase expenses (example restructuring expenses) and do not have long term effects on the financial performance of a company. Transitory items are one time occurrences and do not really have significant effect on the future financial performance of the company. These items can only temporarily increase earnings (example asset write offs) or temporarily increase expenses (example restructuring expenses) and do not have long term effects on the financial performance of a company. When a company is doing really bad and has no chance of meeting earning expectations, unscrupulous management would begin writing-off every expense and asset they could imagine. As a result, future expenses are reduced signific antly and naturally earnings increase. In other words, the company is taking a big bath in the worst year so it can wipe its slate clean. This almost always guarantees record-breaking earnings in subsequent years. Because one-time charges could very well be valid, sniffing out the smell of big bath accounting is not easy. One thing to look out for is the frequency of big baths. If one-time charges begin to show up every other year, this becomes a worrisome pattern. It is, therefore, crucial for an investor to not just look at the current year financial reports. The company may have taken a big bath two years ago and is still basking in the glory attributed to their turnaround of the century. Investors should focus on the management transparency. If earnings seem to meet analyst expectations every quarter, it may just be too good to be true. Many respected money managers recommend investors to pay more attention to cash flow because this number is harder to manipulate. After all, cash flow is the basis for determining the intrinsic value of a business.

Thomas Jefferson the Plagiarist - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1314 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Thomas Jefferson Essay Did you like this example? The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, is one of the most popular documents in the world. Although Jefferson is one of the United States founding fathers and is one of the biggest reasons that the United States is the way it is today, he did not want to be remembered for his presidency but for what he accomplished, such as writing the Declaration of Independence and founding the University of Virginia . Except, Jefferson has been accused from plagiarizing multiple parts of the Declaration of Independence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Thomas Jefferson the Plagiarist" essay for you Create order It is said that Jefferson has taken direct quotes from other writers works without giving them any credit for the information that he used. One can tell after reading different journals, newspaper articles, and important documents that Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson plagiarized multiple ideas from John Locke. John Locke was an English philosopher that wrote the Second Treatise of Government. Locke wrote the Second Treatise of Government for similar reasons that Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Locke believed that God made all people naturally subject to a monarch. Locke wanted all people to equal. Although this was a popular opinion around, Jefferson decided to take almost word from word from the Second Treatise of Government. Locke says that everyone has a right to life, liberty, and property, whilst Jefferson writes about how all men are equal, that they are endowed by their greater with certain unalienable rights. This means life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The only bit of information that was changed in these two sentences is the pursuit of happiness . Jeffersons words only differed from Lockes because he thought owning property was not the only thing that could make people happy. Jefferson was accused by Richard Henry Lee that he plagiarized Lockes Second Treatise of Government. Jefferson considered the part that he copied from Lockes document to be the best part of the Declaration of Independence. He said that The object of the Declaration of Independence was not to find out new principles neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence to be an expression of the American mind. Although Jefferson did say he wanted to take opinions and thoughts from all around, he never gave credit to the people that he took the ideas from. It is clearly shown that these words were Lockes and not Jeffersons because Lockes Second Treatise of Government was written in 1690, 86 years prior . The Declaration of Independence states that we have unalienable rights. These rights were also stolen from an Enlightenment philosopher named Francis Hutcheson. Francis Hutchesons idea of rights to our life challenge the ideas of Locke. Hutcheson is the one who says that our rights are natural, unalienable, and inherent to our being as humans. In 1755, Hutcheson wrote the System of Moral Philosophy. Hutcheson challenged Lockes idea about how Locke thought of our rights in the wrong way . Jefferson took information away from this argument and included it in the Declaration of Independence. This is, again, another reason why Jefferson changed life, liberty, and property, to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Although Jefferson obviously agreed with Lockes ideas, Hutcheson challenging his ideas encouraged Jefferson to change the word property to the word happiness . Thomas Jefferson plagiarized from George Mason in multiple ways. George Mason wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights. This was later published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, on June 12, 1776 which was days before Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson stole some of Masons main ideas and phrases. There is said to be a direct influence from Masons work. Mason wrote that All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent natural rights. Jefferson writes similar words saying that everyone has unalienable rights and that all men are created equal. He says, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These are almost the exact same ideas. This is perfect evidence that Thomas Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence from Masons ideas and exact words. Thomas Jefferson has also been accused of stealing ideas from the Articles of Confederation. Jefferson wanted a government with a loose federalist idea which was very close to the idea of the Articles of Confederation. Jeffersons limitations on federal power was based on the states and individual rights. People were concerned that Jefferson was focusing more on states rights more than individual persons rights. When Jefferson was questioned on this part of the Declaration of Independence he would track it back to the Articles of Confederation and it is said that he was inspired from this document because it had points that should have been covered . This would not have been plagiarism if Jefferson had just given credit to the main authors of the documents. This is proof that Jefferson stole ideas from different documents. One year before Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, people from the county of Mecklenburg had written a Declaration of Independence for themselves. Jefferson read the document and happened to think that this document was bogus and that was illegitimate; yet there seems to be very similar ideas that are in the Declaration of Independence. The Mecklenburg Declaration declares themselves free and independent people . Another similarity between the two is the idea of God given rights . Again, this is almost the exact same idea as Jeffersons Declaration of Independence and although there are no direct quotes from this document there are many similarities between the two documents. Thomas Jefferson again has stolen ideas from another important document. Jefferson copies many ideas from the Magna Carta to write the Declaration of Independence. He easily took from this document because both documents were written to give justice to citizens by focusing more on their rights and freeing people from unfair rule . The Declaration of Independence says, He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States, and for imposing taxes on us without our consent. Although Jefferson did not copy the exact words from the Magna Carta, the main idea is there and made it easier for him to write the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson defended himself when philosophers accused him of plagiarizing from their journals and works. He says that his intention was not to steal from their work. He intended to take ideas from the American mind and include it into the Declaration of Independence . Jefferson wanted the people to agree with the terms that are included, so he took from other popular works so that the Declaration of Independence was not just his opinion. These examples show that Thomas Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence. The argument whether Thomas Jefferson plagiarized the Declaration of Independence or whether he came up with all of its ideas on his own is still going on and on today. Although there are many examples to prove that Jefferson has stolen or copied from other peoples works it is also clear that it was not his intention. What he thought were good ideas and would help the democracy grow, he put into the Declaration of Independence . Thomas Jeffersons idea to take from other peoples works was somewhat selfish but at the same time incredibly smart. The people wanted equality and they wanted to be listened to and heard, so Jefferson took from the peoples works so their ideas would be in the Declaration of Independence. All Jefferson had to do was to give the true authors credit and the Declaration of Independence would not be plagiarized. One can clearly tell that although Thomas Jefferson plagiarized from other peoples works, he did it for the wellbeing of the United States of America.

The World Of William Shakespeare - 950 Words

Take a Bow Loved ones come and go and must be birthed, and ultimately buried, it is the drama of this existence. Often a person finds he or she is seemingly incapable of performing some unsavory duty. But life and death have a way of making it impossible to avoid this unpleasantness and one finds the nerve or stomach to do that which must be done; accept the task as just another experience in the tapestry, and move on. Once upon a time there was no service that provided assistance in times such as these. If a friend or family member was stabbed or had his brains bashed in, well†¦ someone had to clean it up. Tellingly the world of William Shakespeare was such a time. In the age of man’s revision of his culture and sense of humanity after the dark Middle Ages there was money and fame to be earned in the gossipy tales of mankind’s utter lack of culture and cruel inhumanity. In truth, it has never stopped, the same plot devices in service by the playwrights of the Renaissance are still drawing blood and audiences today. It is always intriguing to hear salacious stories of someone else’s wrong doing, and Shakespeare had a keen sense of what held the audience’s macabre attention. Fittingly, Othello, and by relation all Shakespeare’s work survives in the mind of historical praise not only because Shakespeare was eloquent but also a student of the human drama. Not unlike Chaucer before him, Shakespeare’s plays point to enthralling cautionary tales that wooed women with allShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Brave New World925 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel, Brave New World, the author, Aldous Huxley strategically incorporates various Shakespearean allusions into his story. The most distinguished allusion throughout the entirety of the novel is to a quote from The Tempest, a play about a sorcerer and his daughter that live together on a remote island. The quote from The Tempest, in which Brave New World derives its name, â€Å"O, wonder!/How many goodly creatures are there here!/How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,/That has such peopleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s World Masterpieces1595 Words   |  7 Pagesbe arranged marriages betwe en those of equal status or class as the norm. Back then love was seen as a perfect and pure concept. Cervantes did not agree with this and challenged and mocked it in his writings. As stated by Maynard Mack in his book, World Masterpieces, â€Å" The actual method [Cervantes] followed in order to expose the silliness of the romances of chivalry was to show to what extraordinary consequences they would lead a man insanely infatuated in them..†. Due to this type of thinking, CervantesRead MoreBeauty And Natural World : William Shakespeare Essay845 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty and Natural World Shakespeare occupied an unparalleled figure in English Literature. He created 154 sonnets. The Shakespeare sonnet is a bright pearl in English poetic history. The most famous one is probably Sonnet 18, often alternatively titled â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day†? It is one of the part of the Fair Youth sequence which published its first edition in 1609. In the work, the speaker described the destructive power of time. The eternal beauty that are bought from theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On The Course Of World History1440 Words   |  6 PagesWaldo Emerson, a famous essayist inspired by Shakespeare’s works. William Shakespeare was a renowned author, poet, actor, and playwright. He has contributed to many components of life today such as; founding modern English language, contributing to literature, contributing to modern theater, and contributing many of his works to modern English. William Shakespeare has greatly impacted the course of world history. William Shakespeare was believed to be born on April 23,1564, in his hometown of Stratford-upon-AvonRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s All The World s A Stage 1540 Words   |  7 PagesMegan Mackey Professor Raja Atallah English 1102 17 April 2017 Research Paper William Shakespeare once said, All the World’s a Stage —and now his quote can be applied to his literature within his tragedies (William Shakespeare 1). The generation of people today have a much different definition of tragedies than people did during the Shakespearean times. Shakespeare’s tragedies involve a protagonist whose character is developed so that it is clear that he is a heroic figure in the setting of theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Natural And Supernatural World1313 Words   |  6 Pageshas been explored even long before the time of William Shakespeare; however, the playwright whose name has remained the talk of dinner tables worldwide, did an exceptional job of weighing the plurality of the different forms of the natural world. In the Scottish play, Macbeth, Shakespeare both entertains his audience, and poses questions as to what is real and what is changeable. The play explores the themes of the natural and supernatural world, questions whether or not the presence of evil isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - A Corrupt And Chaotic World2078 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare’s play Hamlet, a corrupt and chaotic world is illustrated through the through the portrayal of contrasting realms, the interior and exterior. Within in the play, Shakespeare illustrates the story of a Danish prince, Hamlet, whose uncle murders the Hamlet’s father, marries his mother, and claims the throne leading to Hamlet’s journey to avenge his father all coinciding with in the city of Elsinore. Simultaneously with Hamlet’s journey Shakespeare juxtaposes a seemingly healthy exterior concealingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hometown Of The English Language And The World s Best Dramatist1266 Words   |  6 Pages Although many knew him as a keen businessman in his hometown of Stratford, William Shakespeare is recognized as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s best dramatist. ( www.goodreads.com) He wrote hundreds of songs, plays, books, and poems. During his time, his plays were well under-appreciated and a lot of his work did not appear until seven years after his death. Without Shakespeare, the English language would have never expanded at the rate it did, erasing many common wordsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poet and play writers in the world.600 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poet and play writers in the world. Shakespeare has many plays that were written and performed to create an effect on his audience by creating thoughts and discussions about the social, cultural, and economic values and perspectives that were taking place throughout his time. Shakespeare’s famous play, Hamlet, was a duplication of the events occurring throughout the Elizabethan era. The main focus throughout this essay is a speech spoken by HamletRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - A Man Without Ethics Is A Wild Beast Loosed Upon This World1286 Words   |  6 Pageshighly regarded scholar, once spoke â€Å"A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world.† It can be speculated that what Camus was insinuating, is that in the absence of morality, one descends into corruption that impacts not just the individual, but also those who surround them. Hundred of years earlier, William Shakespeare illustrated the same concept in his renowned work, Macbeth. In this play, Shakespeare primarily uses the characters of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and Banquo to warn of the dangers

Scientific Experiments Organs

Question: what are the barriers to re-creating organs in vitro for scientific experiments? Use a specific organ we have studied as an example system. Answer: 1. Introduction The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a significant, internal, stabiliser of the joint of the knee, restraining hyperextension. The knee joints bone structure is made up of the tibia, the femur and the patella. One out of the four important ligaments found in the knee is the ACL present between the the tibia and the femur and connecting them. The knee is held along together by the medical collateral ligament (MCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate (PCL) ligaments and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). The ACL is found in the middle of the knee, and it prevents the tibia from coming out in front of the femur. It is also responsible for giving rotational stability in addition. The knees surface that is weight bearing has a covering of the layer of articular cartilage (Oiestad et al. 2009). The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a frquently injured ligament of the knee. In many patients, the knee injury to the knee means that the ACL is injured to a great exte nt. The prevalence of ACL injury is thought to be at roughly 200,000 annually. Around hundred thousand ACL reconstructions undertaken every year. When spoken on a general basis, the occurrence of ACL injury is found to be more in people who take part in sports that have high risk, like football, basketball, soccer and skiing. On an average, around fifty percent of the ACL injuries take place along with damage done to articular cartilage, meniscus, and other ligaments. In addition, patients can have bruises of the bone below the surface of the cartilage. This scan is diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. It may determine injury done to the articular cartilage that is overlying (Kiapour and Murray, 2014). 2. Causes 2.1 An estimation is done that around seventy percent of the occurring ACL injuries take place by mechanisms that do not associate with contacts with other substances and thirty percent take place when direct contact occurs with some other object. Suchprocesses of the injury occurring to the ACL is associated with deceleration along with awkward landings, pivoting, cutting and sidestepping maneuvers, or play that is out of control (Oiestad et al. 2009). 2.2 Many studies have indicated that female athletes may be having more chances of having an ACL injury during sports when compared to male athletes. It is proposed that the reason is the difference in muscular strength, physical conditioning and neuromuscular control. Another hypothesis is that the difference in injury in ACL is pelvis and the lower extremity alignment of the leg, influence the hormone estrogen has on the properties of the ligament and the ligamentous laxity. Moreover, women have a wider pelvis that requires the femur to make an angle towards the knee. This angle is known as the Q angle. The average Q angle for women is 17 degrees and for men it is 14 degrees. The enhanced risk of ACL injury taking place among females is predicted by their undertaken motion and the laoding as observed in the knee during particular situations (Hewett, Torg and Boden, 2009). 2.3 The ligament dominance theory states that females undertake athletic movements with valgus angles of the knee that is greater. A large amount of the stress is put on the ACL. This is due to the high activation of the quadriceps muscles in spite of the fact that the knee flexion is limited as well as hip flexion is limited, hip adduction is greater and the knee adductor moment is large. Ligament dominance is seen when cases are with more movement in the frontal plane for accommodating limited movement n the saggital plane. This is due to weak hamstring muscles (Myer et al. 2009). 2.4 The quadriceps dominance theory is able to identify when the hamstring muscles are weaker than the quadriceps muscle. After the injury takes place, patients have much pain and the area of the injury gets a swelling and the area of the injury feels unstable. In the next hours of the ACL injury, patients have more swelling of the knee, and there is a considerable loss of motion to the full range. There are tenderness and pain along the line of the joint, and the person feels distress while walking. The natural past of an injury occurring to the ACL without surgical intervention is found to be varying from one patient to another, and it depends on activity level shown by the patient, the limit of the injury and the symptoms of instability. Complete ruptures of the ACL has an outcome that is less favourable. After an ACL tear, some patients are not able to take part in physical activity (Wilk et al. 2012). 3. Current treatment The treatment for such tear and rupture of the ACL has been advanced in the medical field. Treatments include a non surgical method and surgical process (Kiapour and Murray, 2014). 3.1 In the non-surgical method of treatment, physical therapy and rehabilitation are the best options for restoring the knee to particular suitable condition like the pre-injury condition. It is very much needed to educate the patients on the methods of preventing instability. A hinged knee brace can be used as a supplement. Surgical treatment is needed in cases where combined injuries take place. The choice between surgical and non-surgical treatment varies from patient to patient (Ardern et al. 2011). 3.2 Tears in the ACL is not repaired by using suture for sewing it together. Thus, the torn and ruptured ACL is replaced by the use of a substitute graft that is made up of a tendon. Such grafts usually used for replacing the ACL include Quadriceps tendon autograft, Patellar tendon autograft, Allograft patellar tendon, Hamstring tendon autograft, Achilles tendon, gracilis, semitendinosus, or posterior tibialis tendon. Patients who undergo surgical reconstruction achieve success, and the rate is around ninety percent. The main aim of the ACL reconstruction is the prevention of the instability and restoration of the function of the ligament that is already torn. The result is that a stable knee is created. The patient can therefore take up sports again. Some complications are associated with the surgical procedure. These include infection, viral transmission, numbness and bleeding, blood clot, stiffness, instability, pain in the knee cap and injury in the growth plate. All these depend on the health condition of the patient (Meisterling, Schoderbek and Andrews, 2009). 3.2.1 In Patellar tendon autograft, the middle section of the patients patellar tendon together with a bone plug from the kneecap and the shin is used. This procedure is used for patients whose activities does not require a great amount of kneeling. The semitendinosus hamstring tendon is under use for creating the hamstring tendon autograft forreconstructing the ACL. Such grafts have few problems related to the graft harvesting when compared to the patellar tendon autograft., including fast recovery, a smaller incision and fewer problems of stiffness. Uses of quadriceps tendon autograft are in cases where patientspreviously have experienced let-down with a reconstruction of ACL. The middle third of the patient's quadriceps tendon together with a bone plug originating from the upper end of the knee cap are considered (Kline et al. 2015). 3.2.2 Allografts are those grafts that are taken from cadavers. This method of grafting is under development. This therapy is being researched into to a great extent and is becoming popular in an increasing manner. These grafts are used for those patients who have not achieved success with ACL reconstruction in the past. Such procedure is used in those surgeries also where the need is to repair and undertake reconstruction of more than one ligament of the knee. The advantages of the allograft are that pain is eliminated by taking the graft from the patient, smaller incision and decreased the time for surgery. The allograft allows proper bony fixation to occur in the femoral and tibial bone tunnels with the help of screws (Kline et al. 2015). 4. Therapies under development Advancements in the knowledge of kinematics, anatomy and physiology promise to improve future treatment processes for anterior cruciate ligament tear and rupture. The ultimate objective of complete restoration of ACL injury to the status before an injury is possible in future by genetic manipulation inducing tissue regeneration. In future, resorbabale stents with bioactive growth factors incorporated in them have immense prospective of inducing normal anatomy of anterior cruciate ligament. This process would not need detrimental harvesting of the tissues of the patient. The risk of microbial transmission is also less with the use of such allograft (Hu et al. 2013). In the future, the advancement of benign allografts and autografts may be possible with resorbable fixation of the graft with the bone. Future advancement of robotic surgical techniques may be of great help in the process of treatment of ACL tear and rupture. It holds potential for improvement in a placement of the graft. Advancements in non-surgical procedures may also take place. These would include control of muscle atrophy, better techniques for bracing, enhanced cerebellar- proprioceptive rehabilitation. The fundamental principle of such therapies would be to maximise the transference capacity and load acceptance with reduced degree of potential risks for the patient (Dunn et al. 2015). My personal opinion is that these techniques would be realy useful in different situations and patients would be highly benefitted from them. In clinical situations, they would be realistic and beneficial. The non-surgical procedures would be of more prominence. This is in particular to situations where the repairing of the torn ligament does not work properly. Processes that are costly and challenging from the recovery standpoint can be resolved by such methods. 5. References Ardern, C.L., Webster, K.E., Taylor, N.F. and Feller, J.A., 2011. Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play.British journal of sports medicine, p.bjsports76364. Dunn, W.R., Wolf, B.R., Harrell, F.E., Reinke, E.K., Huston, L.J. and Spindler, K.P., 2015. Baseline Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.The Journal of Bone Joint Surgery,97(7), pp.551-557. Eorthopod.com,. (2016).Hamstring Tendon Graft Reconstruction of the ACL | eOrthopod.com. Retrieved 7 January 2016, from https://www.eorthopod.com/hamstring-tendon-graft-reconstruction-of-the-acl/topic/166 Hewett, T.E., Torg, J.S. and Boden, B.P., 2009. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism.British journal of sports medicine,43(6), pp.417-422. Hu, J., Qu, J., Xu, D., Zhou, J. and Lu, H., 2013. Allograft versus autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an up-to-date meta-analysis of prospective studies.International orthopaedics,37(2), pp.311-320. Kiapour, A. and Murray, M. (2014). Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair.Bone and Joint Research, 3(2), pp.20-31. Kline, P.W., Morgan, K.D., Johnson, D.L., Ireland, M.L. and Noehren, B., 2015. Impaired quadriceps rate of torque development and knee mechanics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft.The American journal of sports medicine,43(10), pp.2553-2558. Meisterling, S.W., Schoderbek, R.J. and Andrews, J.R., 2009. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Operative techniques in sports medicine,17(1), pp.2-10. Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R., Foss, K.D.B., Liu, C., Nick, T.G. and Hewett, T.E., 2009. The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes.Clinical journal of sport medicine,19(1), pp.3-8. iestad, B. E., Engebretsen, L., Storheim, K., Risberg, M. A. (2009). Knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury a systematic review.The American journal of sports medicine,37(7), 1434-1443. Orthoinfo.aaos.org,. (2016).Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries-OrthoInfo - AAOS. Retrieved 7 January 2016, from https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00549 Wilk, K.E., Macrina, L.C., Cain, E.L., Dugas, J.R. and Andrews, J.R., 2012. Recent advances in the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries.journal of orthopaedic sports physical therapy,42(3), pp.153-171.